Deaths in The Iliad Battlefield Dying as Told by Homer

The Iliad, the Greek poet Homers 8th century B.C.E. epic about the last few weeks of the Trojan War, is full of death. Two hundred forty battlefield deaths are described in The Iliad, 188 Trojans, and 52 Greeks. Wounds are inflicted on almost every part of the anatomy, and the only field surgery described consists of bandaging and tying a sling around an injured limb to support it, bathing a wound in warm water, and applying external herbal painkillers. No two death scenes are exactly alike in the Iliad, but a pattern is apparent. The most common elements are 1) the attack when a weapon strikes a victim causing a fatal injury, 2) a description of the victim, and 3) a description of the death. Some of the deaths include movement of the combatants on the battlefield and a verbal challenge, and in some cases, there may be a follow-up boast over the corpse or an attempt to strip off the victims armor. Metaphors of Death Homer uses metaphorical language indicating that the victim has died, along with a comment on the psyche or thymos departing from the corpse. The metaphor is almost always darkness or black night covering the victims eyes or blackness taking, loosening or pouring over the dying man. The death throes can be brief or expanded, they sometimes include grisly detail, imagery, and a brief biography or obituary. The victim is often compared to a tree or animal. Only three warriors have dying words in The Iliad: Patroclus to Hector, warning him that Achilles will be his slayer; Hector to Achilles, warning him that Paris aided by Phoebus Apollo will slay him; and Sarpedon to Glaucus, reminding him to go and get the Lycian leaders to avenge his death. List of Deaths in The Iliad In this list of deaths in The Iliad appear the name of the killer, his affiliation (using the simplified terms Greek and Trojan), the victim, his affiliation, the manner of death, and the book of the Iliad and line number. Deaths in Books 4 Through 8 Antilochus (Greek) kills Echepolus (Trojan) (spear in the head) (4.529)Agenor (Trojan) kills Elephenor (Greek) (spear in the side) (4.543)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Simoeisius (Trojan) (speared in the nipple) (4.549)Antiphus (Trojan) kills Leucus (Greek) (speared in the groin) (4.569)Odysseus (Greek) kills Democoà ¶n (Trojan) (spear through the head) (4.579)Peirous (Trojan) kills Diores (Greek) (hit with a rock, then speared in the gut) (4.598)Thoas (Greek) kills Peirous (Trojan) (spear in the chest, sword in the gut) (4.608)Diomedes (Greek) kills Phegeus (Trojan) (spear in the chest) (5.19)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Odius (Trojan) (spear in the back) (5.42)Idomeneus (Greek) kills Phaestus (spear in the shoulder) (5.48)Menelaus (Greek) kills Scamandrius (spear in the back) (5.54)Meriones (Greek) kills Phereclus (Trojan) (spear in the buttock) (5.66)Meges (Greek) kills Pedaeus (Greek) (spear in the neck) (5.78)Eurypylus (Greek) kills Hypsenor (Trojan) (arm cut off) (5.86)Diomedes (Greek) kills Astynous (Trojan) (spear in the chest) (5.164)Diomedes (Greek) kills Hypeiron (Trojan) (sword in the collar bone) (5.165)Diomedes (Greek) kills Abas (Trojan) (5.170)Diomedes (Greek) kills Polyidus (Trojan) (5.170)Diomedes (Greek) kills Xanthus (Trojan) (5.174)Diomedes (Greek) kills Thoon (Trojan) (5.174)Diomedes (Greek) kills Echemmon (Trojan) (5.182)Diomedes (Greek) kills Chromius (Trojan) (5.182)Diomedes (Greek) kills Pandarus (Trojan) (spear in the nose) (5.346)Diomedes (Greek) wounds Aeneas (Trojan) with a rock (5.359)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Deicoon (Trojan), spear in the stomach (5.630)Aeneas (Trojan) kills Crethon (Greek)Aeneas (Trojan) kills Orsilochus (Greek)Menelaus (Greek) kills Phlaemenes (Trojan), spear in the collar bone (5.675)Antilochus (Greek) kills Mydon (Trojan), sword in the head, stomped by his horses (5.680)Hector (Trojan) kills Menesthes (Greek) (5.714)Hector (Trojan) kills Anchialus (Greek) (5.714)Ajax son of Telamon kills Amphion (Trojan), spea r in the gut (5.717)Sarpedon (Trojan) kills Tlepolemus (Greek), spear in the neck (5.764)Tlepolemus (Greek) wounds Sarpedon (Trojan) spear in the thigh (5.764)Odysseus (Greek) kills Cocranus (Trojan) (5.783)Odysseus (Greek) kills Alastor (Trojan) (5.783)Odysseus (Greek) kills Chromius (Trojan) (5.783)Odysseus (Greek) kills Alcandrus (Trojan) (5.784)Odysseus (Greek) kills Halius (Trojan) (5.784)Odysseus (Greek) kills Noemon (Trojan) (5.784)Odysseus (Greek) kills Prytanis (Trojan) (5.784)Hector (Trojan) kills Teuthras (Greek) (5.811)Hector (Trojan) kills Orestes (Greek) (5.811)Hector (Trojan) kills Trechus (Greek) (5.812)Hector (Trojan) kills Oenomaus (Greek) (5.812)Hector (Trojan) kills Helenus (Greek) (5.813)Hector (Trojan) kills Oresbius (Greek) (5.813)Ares kills Periphas (Greek) (5.970)Diomedes wounds Ares in the gut (5.980)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Acamas (Trojan), spear in the head (6.9)Diomedes (Greek) kills Axylus (Trojan) (6.14)Diomedes (Greek) kills Calesius (Trojan) (6.20)Euryalus (Greek) kills Dresus (Trojan) (6.23)Euryalus (Greek) kills Opheltius (Trojan) (6.23)Euryalus (Greek) kills Aesepus (Trojan) (6.24)Euryalus (Greek) kills Pedasus (Trojan) (6.24)Polypoetes (Greek) kills Astyalus (Trojan) (6.33)Odysseus (Greek) kills Pidytes (Trojan), with his spear (6.34)Teucer (Greek) kills Aretaon (Trojan) (6.35)Antilochus (Greek) kills Ableros (Trojan), with his spear (6.35)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Elatus (Trojan) (6.38)Leitus (Greek) kills Phylacus (Trojan) (6.41)Eurypylus (Greek) kills Melanthus (6.42)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Adrestus (Trojan), spear in the side (6.76)Paris (Trojan) kills Menesthius (Greek) (7.8)Hector (Trojan) kills Eioneus (Greek), spear in the neck (7.11)Glaucus (Trojan) kills Iphinous (Greek), spear in the shoulder (7.13)Diomedes (Greek) kills Eniopeus (Trojan), spear in the chest (8.138)Diomedes (Greek) kills Agelaos (Trojan), spear in the back (8.300)Teucer (Greek) kills Orsilochos (Trojan), with an arrow (8.321)Teucer (Greek) kills Ormenus (Trojan), with an arrow (8.321)Teucer (Greek) kills Ophelestes (Trojan), with an arrow (8.321)Teucer (Greek) kills Daitor (Trojan), with an arrow (8.322)Teucer (Greek) kills Chromius (Trojan), with an arrow (8.322)Teucer (Greek) kills Lycophontes (Trojan), with an arrrow (8.322)Teucer (Greek) kills Amopaon (Trojan), with an arrow (8.323)Teucer (Greek) kills Melanippus (Trojan), with an arrow (8.323)Teucer (Greek) kills Gorgythion (Trojan), with an arrow (8.353)Teucer (Greek) kills Archeptolemos (Trojan), with an arrow (8.363)Hector (Trojan) wounds Teucer (Greek), with a rock (8.380) Deaths in Books 10 Through 14 Diomedes (Greek) kills Dolon (Trojan), sword across the neck (10.546)Diomedes (Greek) kills twelve sleeping Thracian soldiers (10.579) (includes Rhesus)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Bienor (Trojan) (11.99)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Oileus (Trojan), spear in the head, (11.103)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Isus (Trojan), spear in the chest (11.109)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Antiphus (Trojan), sword in the head (11.120)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Peisander (Trojan), spear in the chest (11.160)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Hippolochus (Trojan), sword cuts off his head (11.165)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Iphidamas T), sword in the neck (11.270)Coà ¶n (Trojan) wounds Agamemnon (Greek), spear in the arm (11.288)Agamemnon (Greek) kills Coà ¶n (Trojan), spear in the side (11.295)Hector (Trojan) kills Asaeus (Greek) (11.341)Hector (Trojan) kills Autonous (Greek) (11.341)Hector (Trojan) kills Opites (Greek) (11.341)Hector (Trojan) kills Dolops (Greek) (11.342)Hector (Trojan) kills Opheltius (Greek) (11.324)Hector (Trojan) k ills Agelaus (Greek) (11.325)Hector (Trojan) kills Aesymnus (Greek) (11.325)Hector (Trojan) kills Orus (Greek) (11.343)Hector (Trojan) kills Hipponous (Greek) (11.325)Diomedes (Greek) kills Thymbraeus (Trojan), spear in the chest (11.364)Odysseus (Greek) kills Molion (Trojan) (11.366)Diomedes (Greek) kills two sons of Merops (Trojan) (11.375)Odysseus (Greek) kills Hippodamas (Trojan) (11.381)Odysseus (Greek) kills Hypeirochus (Trojan) (11.381)Diomedes (Greek) kills Agastrophus (Trojan), spear in the hip (11.384)Paris (Trojan) wounds Diomedes (Greek), arrow in the foot (11.430)Odysseus (Greek) kills Deà ¯opites (Trojan) (11.479)Odysseus (Greek) kills Thoà ¶n (Trojan) (11.481)Odysseus (Greek) kills Ennomus (Greek) (11.481)Odysseus (Greek) kills Chersidamas (Trojan), spear in the groin (11.481)Odysseus (Greek) kills Charops (Trojan) (11.485)Odysseus (Greek) kills Socus (Trojan), spear in the back (11.506)Socus (Trojan) wounds Odysseus (Greek), spear in the ribs (11.493)Ajax son of Te lamon (Greek) kills Doryclus (Trojan) (11.552)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Pandocus (Trojan) (11.553)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Lysander (Trojan) (11.554)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Pyrasus (Trojan) (11.554)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Pylantes (Trojan) (11.554)Eurypylus (Greek) kills Apisaon (Trojan), spear in the liver (11.650)Polypoetes (Greek) kills Damasus (Trojan), spear through the cheek (12.190);Polypoetes (Greek) kills Pylon (Trojan) (12.194)Polypoetes (Greek) kills Ormenus (Trojan) (12.194)Leonteus (Greek) kills Hippomachus, spear in the stomach (12.196)Leonteus (Greek) kills Antiphates (Trojan), struck with a sword (12.198)Leonteus (Greek) kills Menon (Trojan) (12.201)Leonteus (Greek) kills Iamenus (Trojan) (12.201)Leonteus (Greek) kills Orestes (Trojan) (12.201)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Epicles (Trojan), rock in the skull (12.416)Teucer (Greek) wounds Glaucus (Trojan), arrow in the arm (12.425)Sarpedon (Trojan) kills Alcmaon (Greek), spear in the body (12.434)Teucer (Greek) kills Imbrius (Trojan), spear in the ear (13.198)Hector (Trojan) kills Amphimachus (Greek), spear in the chest (13.227)Idomeneus (Greek) kills Othryoneus (Trojan), spear in the gut, (13.439 ff)Idomeneus (Greek) kills Asius (Trojan), spear in the neck (13.472)Antilochus (Greek) kills Asius charioteer, spear in the gut (13.482)Deà ¯phobus (Trojan) kills Hypsenor (Greek), spear in the liver (13.488) (wounded?)Idomeneus (Greek) kills Alcathous (Trojan), spear in the chest (13.514 ff)Idomeneus (Greek) kills Oenomaus (Trojan), spear in the stomach (13.608)Deà ¯phobus (Trojan) kills Ascalaphus (Greek), spear in the shoulder (13.621)Meriones (Greek) wounds Deà ¯phobus (Trojan) spear in the arm (13.634)Aeneas (Trojan) kills Aphareus (Greek), spear in the throat (13.647)Antilochus (Greek) kills Thoà ¶n (Greek), spear in the back (13.652).Meriones (Greek) kills Adamas (Trojan), spear in the testicles (13.677).Helenus (Trojan) kills Deà ¯pyrus (Greek), sw ord on the head (13.687)Menelaus (Greek) wounds Helenus (Trojan), spear in the hand (13.705)Menelaus (Greek) kills Peisander (Trojan), sword in the head (13.731)Meriones (Greek) kills Harpalion (Trojan), arrow in the buttock (13.776)Paris (Trojan) kills Euchenor (Greek), arrow in the jaw (13.800)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) hits Hector (Trojan) with a rock (14.477)Ajax son of Oileus (Greek) kills Satnius (Trojan), spear in the side (14.517)Polydamas (Trojan) kills Prothoà «nor (Greek), spear in the shoulder (14.525)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Archelochus, spear in the neck (14.540)Acamas (Trojan) kills Promachus (Greek), spear (14.555)Peneleus (Greek) kills Ilioneus (Trojan), spear in the eye (14.570)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Hyrtius (14.597)Meriones (Greek) kills Morys (14.601)Meriones (Greek) kills Hippotion (14.601)Teucer (Greek) kills Prothoà ¶n (Trojan) (14.602)Teucer (Greek) kills Periphetes (Trojan) (14.602)Menelaus (Greek) kills Hyperenor (Trojan), spear in th e side (14.603)Phalces (Trojan) killed (death not mentioned but armor stripped) (14.600)Mermerus (Trojan) killed (death not mentioned but armor stripped) (14.600) Deaths in Books 15 Through 17 Hector (Trojan) kills Stichius (Greek) (15.389)Hector (Trojan) kills Aresilaus (Greek) (15.389)Aeneas (Trojan) kills Medon (Greek) (15.392)Aeneas (Trojan) kills Iasus (Greek) (15.392)Polydamas (Trojan) kills Mecistus (Greek) (15.399)Polites (Trojan) kills Echius (Greek) (15.400)Agenor (Trojan) kills Clonius (15.401)Paris (Trojan) kills Deà ¯ochus (Greek), spear through the back (15.402)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Caletor (Trojan), spear in the chest (15.491)Hector (Trojan) kills Lycophron (Greek) spear in the head (15.503)Teucer (Greek) kills Cleitus (Greek), arrow in the back of the neck (15.521)Hector (Trojan) kills Schedius (Greek) (15.607)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Laodamas (Trojan) (15.608)Polydamas (Trojan) kills Otus (Greek) (15.610)Meges (Greek) kills Croesmus (Trojan), spear in the chest (15.616)Menelaus (Greek) kills Dolops (Trojan), speared in the back (15.636)Antilochus (Greek) kills Melanippus (Trojan), spear in the chest (15.675)Hector (Trojan) kills Perip hetes (Greek), spear in the chest (15.744)Patroclus (Greek) kills Pyraechmes (Trojan), spear in the shoulder (16.339)Patroclus (Greek) kills Areilycus (Trojan), spear in the thigh (16.361)Menelaus (Greek) kills Thoas (Trojan), spear in the chest (16.365)Meges (Greek) kills Amphiclus (Trojan), spear in the leg (16.367)Antilochus (Greek) kills Atymnius (Trojan), spear in the side (16.372)Thrasymedes (Greek) kills Maris (Trojan), spear in the shoulder (16.377)Ajax son of Oileus (Greek) kills Cleobulus (Trojan), sword in the neck (16.386)Peneleus (Greek) kills Lyco (Greek), sword in the neck (16.395)Meriones (Greek) kills Acamas (Trojan), spear in the shoulder (16.399)Idomeneus (Greek) kills Erymas (Trojan), spear in the mouth (16.403)Patroclus (Greek) kills Pronous (Trojan), spear in the chest (16.464)Patroclus (Greek) kills Thestor (Trojan), spear in the head (16.477)Patroclus (Greek) kills Erylaus (Trojan), rock on the head (16.479)Patroclus (Greek) kills Erymas (Trojan) (16.484)Patr oclus (Greek) kills Amphoterus (Trojan) (16.484)Patroclus (Greek) kills Epaltes (Trojan) (16.484)Patroclus (Greek) kills Tlepolemus (Trojan) (16.485)Patroclus (Greek) kills Echius (Trojan) (16.485)Patroclus (Greek) kills Pyris (Trojan) (16.486)Patroclus (Greek) kills Ipheus (Trojan) (16.486)Patroclus (Greek) kills Euippus (Trojan) (16.486)Patroclus (Greek) kills Polymelus (Trojan) (16.486)Patroclus (Greek) kills Thrasymedes (Trojan), spear in the gut (16.542)Patroclus (Greek) kills Sarpedon (Trojan), spear in the chest (16.559)Hector (Trojan) kills Epeigeus (Greek), rock on the head (16.666)Patroclus (Greek) kills Sthenelaus (Trojan), rock on the head (16.682)Glaucus (Trojan) kills Bathycles (Greek), spear in the chest (16.691)Meriones (Greek) kills Laogonus (Trojan), spear in the jaw (16.702)Patroclus (Greek) kills Adrestus (Trojan) (16.808)Patroclus (Greek) kills Autonous (Trojan) (16.809)Patroclus (Greek) kills Echeclus (Trojan) (16.809)Patroclus (Greek) kills Perimus (Trojan) (1 6.809)Patroclus (Greek) kills Epistor (Trojan) (16.810)Patroclus (Greek) kills Melanippus (Trojan) (16.810)Patroclus (Greek) kills Elasus (Trojan) (16.811)Patroclus (Greek) kills Mulius (Trojan) (16.811)Patroclus (Greek) kills Pylantes (Trojan) (16.811)Patroclus (Greek) kills Cebriones (Trojan), rock in the head (16.859)Hector (Trojan) kills Patroclus (Greek) (16.993)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Hippothous (Trojan), spear in the head (17.377)Hector (Trojan) kills Scedius (Greek), spear in the collar (17.393)Ajax son of Telamon (Greek) kills Phorcys (Trojan), spear in the gut (17.399)Aeneas (Trojan) kills Leocritus (Greek), (17.439);Lycomedes (Greek) kills Apisaon (Trojan) (17.443)Automedon (Greek) kills Aretus (Trojan), spear in the gut (17.636)Menelaus (Trojan) kills Podes (Trojan), spear in the stomach (17.704)Hector (Trojan) kills Coeranus (Greek), spear in the head (17.744) Deaths in Books 20 to 22 Achilles (Greek) kills Iphition (Trojan), spear in the head (20.463)Achilles (Greek) kills Demoleon (Trojan), spear in the head (20.476)Achilles (Greek) kills Hippodamas (Trojan), spear in the back (20.480)Achilles (Greek) kills Polydorus (Trojan), spear in the back (20.488)Achilles (Greek) kills Dryops (Trojan), spear in the knee, sword thrust (20.546)Achilles (Greek) kills Demouchos (Trojan) spear thrust (20.548).Achilles (Greek) kills Laogonus (Trojan), spear thrust (20.551)Achilles (Greek) kills Dardanus (Trojan), sword thrust (20.551)Achilles (Greek) kills Tros (Trojan), sword in the liver (20.555)Achilles (Greek) kills Mulius (Trojan), spear in the head (20.567)Achilles (Greek) kills Echeclus (Trojan), sword on the head (20.569)Achilles (Greek) kills Deucalion (Trojan), sword in the neck (20.573)Achilles (Greek) kills Rhigmus (Trojan), spear in the gut (20.581)Achilles (Greek) kills Areithous (Trojan), spear in the back (20.586)Achilles (Greek) kills Lycaon (Trojan), sword in t he neck (21.138)Achilles (Greek) kills Asteropaeus (Trojan), sword in the stomach (21.215)Achilles (Greek) kills Thersilochus (Trojan) (21.249)Achilles (Greek) kills Mydon (Trojan) (21.249)Achilles (Greek) kills Astypylus (Trojan) (21.250)Achilles (Greek) kills Mnesus (Trojan) (21.250)Achilles (Greek) kills Thrasius (Trojan) (21.250)Achilles (Greek) kills Aenius (Trojan) (21.250)Achilles (Greek) kills Ophelestes (Trojan) (21.251)Achilles (Greek) kills Hector (Trojan), spear through the throat (22.410) Sources Garland, Robert. â€Å"The Causation Of Death In The Iliad: A Theological And Biological Investigation.†Ã‚  Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, vol. 28, no. 1, 1981, pp. 43–60.Morrison, James V. â€Å"Homeric Darkness: Patterns and Manipulation of Death Scenes in the Iliad.†Ã‚  Hermes, vol. 127, no. 2, 1999, pp. 129–144.Johnston, Ian. Deaths in the Iliad.

JFK Leadership Profile Essay - 1135 Words

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The following year he had a serious operation on his back. While recovering from surgery, he wrote a book about several U.S. senators who had risked their careers to fight for the things in which they believed. The book, called Profiles in Courage, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957. That same year, the Kennedys first child, Caroline, was born. Kennedy had narrowly missed being picked as the Democratic Partys candidate for Vice President in 1956. Soon after

Circus the Circus Free Essays

Blue Ocean Strategy Institute BOS007 The Evolution of the Circus Industry (A) xOverall winner of the 2009 European Case Clearing House Awards xWinnerofa2006EuropeanCaseClearingHouseAwardinthecategory â€Å"Strategy and General Management† 06/2009-4999 This case was prepared by Matt Williamson, INSEAD MBA 2000, under the supervision of Professors W. Chan Kim, Renee Mauborgne and Ben M. Bensaou, all at INSEAD. We will write a custom essay sample on Circus the Circus or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is intended to be used as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 2002, INSEAD-EAC, Fontainebleau, France. To order copies of INSEAD cases, see details on the back cover. Copies may not be made without permission. This document is authorized for use only by Janis Rozenbergs at Vidzeme University until August 2013. Copying or Blue Ocean Strategy Institute â€Å"If you ask a kid to draw a circus, they draw a tent. † Pam Miller, Big Apple Circus, New York. Indeed, the circus tent is a unique and evocative icon that has featured prominently in circuses for centuries. Relying heavily on a flamboyant entry into town, the big top was their primary tool to attract audiences to the spectacle taking place inside. Nevertheless, while the symbolism of the tent is important in the contemporary interpretation of circus, most early shows, particularly the European precursors of what would be recognized today as circus, took place in theatres and dedicated buildings. The Origins of the Circus The circus was created in 1768 by Philip Astley, an Englishman who set up a ring format for equestrian events, still in use today. Classical circus is considered to consist of four elements, whether inside a tent or a large arena: equestrian acts, clowns, acrobats and jugglers. The word circus originally denoted a competitive arena for horses, with the Roman Circus Maximus the most imposing classical example. 1 The circular space is perfectly suited to a galloping act, and largely unnecessary for any other form. 2 The centrifugal force generated by a horse galloping around a small diameter ring enabled the equestrians in the show to stand on horseback and perform other similar tricks. Juggling, tumbling and trained animal events had been popular through the ages, but by adding a clown to the mix to parody the other events and add some humor, Astley transformed these separate acts into a real show. 3 Astley’s innovation spread quickly throughout Europe and showed up in America in substantially the same form in the summer of 1785. Building on the basic equestrian component, legends such as P. T. Barnum and lesser-known players like W. W. Cole and George Bailey sponsored elaborate acts from trained zebras to trapeze artists. Around the core circus, promoters grafted sideshows such as menageries, human and animal ‘curiosities’, and carnival games to enhance the spectacle of their shows. Barnum, perhaps the most celebrated huckster of modern times, was so successful that many of his efforts have entered the modern lexicon. He marched Jumbo the Elephant across the newly dedicated Brooklyn Bridge and proclaimed General Tom Thumb, a midget from Connecticut, the smallest human ever to have lived. The Development of the Traditional Circus Though an extremely popular form of entertainment during the 19th and 20th century, the circus conjures an image of drifters and dreamers with gaudy clothes, aggressive hawkers and a standard routine of acts. Whereas whole towns had once turned out to see historical revues and the latest mechanical marvels along with other events as the circus passed through town, 1 Personal communication from Fred Dahlinger Jr. , Director, Collections and Research, Circus World Museum, May 9, 2001. Author’s interview with Dominique Jando, Associate Artistic Director, Big Apple Circus, May 8, 2001. 3 John Culhane, The American Circus (New York, USA: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), p. 1. CopTyhriisgdhot c ©um20e0nt2isINaSuEthAoDriz-eEdAfCor use only by Janis Rozenbe1rgs at Vidzeme University until August 2013. 0C6o/2p0yi0n9g-o4r999 ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ———————– posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp. harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. How to cite Circus the Circus, Essay examples